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Antisemitism in contemporary Hungary
During the communist period in Hungary, antisemitism was not presented in its classic form. The main perception was that antisemitism represents the fascist-Hungarist ideology, and therefore the ruling elite made sure that all antisemitic literature was destroyed after World War II. During the 1989 transition from communism to democracy, and the introduction of free speech and a free press, antisemitism appeared almost immediately, and reemerged later on. This phenomenon has led into a heated debate - were the economic and social changes the cause of the sudden increase in antisemitism and the rapid spread of antisemitic views or whether covert hostility toward Jews was coming to the surface as a consequence of the new civil liberties. Post-communism new-capitalism has led to "social nationalism", implying racism, xenophobia, fundamentalism and antisemitism is an identity - an identity based pseudo-response to socio-economic problems and culture based pseudo-answer to real problems. A cleavage structure in Hungary – reflecting historical contradictions between progress and nationhood – has created a situation in which high status groups attempted at transforming anti-semitism into a mobilizing cultural code. In his concept of "national antisemitism" Klaus Holz, pointed out the image of the Jew as a universal “non-identity” vitally threatening, destroying all particular identities and communities. That image has led to the perception of the Jew as the perpetrator and the nation as the victim.
The appearance of antisemitism, in the post-communism era, was both on the periphery and in the mainstream. On the periphery, antisemitic and neo-Nazi groups emerged and were supported by Hungarian fascists living abroad. The ideologists of the Hungarian neo-Nazis and Hungarists included extreme-right publicists and writers. The newly established newspapers after the transition, Hunnia Füzetek and Szent Korona, were the first to bring back the motifs of traditional antisemitism and merge them with postwar elements, especially Holocaust denial. In the mainstream, antisemitism became eminent in the public discourse and in central forums of public life conducted by intellectuals, who took part in the anticommunist opposition’s activities, and figured importantly in political life after the 1989 transition, such as István Csurka.
In the 21st century, antisemitism in Hungary has evolved and received an institutional framework, while verbal and physical aggression against Jews (and Roma as well) has escalated, creating a great difference between its earlier manifestations in the 1990s and recent developments. One of the major representatives of this institutionalized antisemitic ideology is the popular Hungarian party Jobbik, which received 17 percent of the vote in the April 2010 national election. The far-right subculture, which ranges from nationalist shops to radical-nationalist and neo-Nazi festivals and events, plays a major role in the institutionalization of Hungarian antisemitism in the 21st century. The contemporary antisemitic rhetoric has been updated and expanded, but is still based on the old antisemitic notions. The traditional accusations and motifs include such phrases as Jewish occupation, international Jewish conspiracy, Jewish responsibility for the Treaty of Trianon, Judeo-Bolshevism, as well as blood libels against Jews. Nevertheless, in the past few years, this has been increased with the Palestinization of the Hungarian people,〔An ideology based on the idea of “Zionist crimes” are no longer limited to the Middle East but also extend to Hungary. Hence, the alleged “genocide” of the Palestinians and the fate of Hungarians have many parallels between them〕 the reemergence of the blood libel and an increase in Holocaust relativization and denial, while the monetary crisis has revived references to the “Jewish banker class”.〔
== Analysis ==
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